are no descriptive liturgical sources. One is dependent on allusions such as those found in the homilies of Augustine of Hippo to reconstruct these liturgies. They indicate that the Latin language rites of the area preserved the shape of those in use in the third century, with few embellishments. Our knowledge of the quite different Gallican and Mozarabic rites of Gaul and Spain comes from liturgical books of a much later date (e.g., the Missale Gothicum and the Bobbio Missal). They are marked by ceremonial